Breathing Easy Thanks To Great Oxidation Event
The earth’s original atmosphere would have been unpleasant—deadly in fact—to any organisms that breathe oxygen. There wasn’t any. Not until about 2.4 billion years ago anyway. That’s the time of what scientists call the Great Oxidation Event. Now researchers believe they’ve found clues as to what may have caused the change. They published their report in the April 9 edition of the journal Nature.
Researchers analyzed trace elements in sedimentary rock from dozens of sites. Turns out nickel was 400 times more abundant in primordial oceans than in today’s waters. Micro-organisms called methanogens love nickel-rich water, and they release methane into the atmosphere. Methane prevents a build-up of oxygen.
Scientists testing the rocks saw that around 2.7 to 2.4 billion years ago, ocean-dissolved nickel dropped off. This corresponds to the Great Oxidation Event. Lack of nickel could have killed off methanogens and left room for algae and other life forms that release oxygen during photosynthesis.
Researchers don’t know exactly why nickel decreased—possibly because of the cooling and solidifying of the earth’s mantle. But the nickel disappearance is one more clue about how the planet went from suffocating to a place where a terrestrial tetrapod could take a deep breath.
“大氧化事件”使我们能轻松呼吸
对于任何呼吸氧气的有机体来说,地球上原始的大气很不舒适,而事实上这些大气也是致命的,因为那时候没有任何氧气存在,直到大约24亿年前,氧气才开始出现。这个时间被科学家称为“大氧化事件”。现在研究者们相信他们找到了导致这种变化的一些线索。研究者们在4月9日的《自然》(Nature)杂志上发表了他们的研究结果。
研究者们分析了来自许多不同地方沉积岩中的痕量元素。结果发现在原始海洋中,镍元素的含量是目前海洋中镍元素含量的400多倍。名为产烷生物的微生物喜欢生活在富含镍的水中,它们向空气中释放出甲烷。甲烷阻止了氧气的逐步生成。
检测了沉积岩后,科学家们发现大约在24亿至27亿年前,海洋中溶解的镍大幅下降。这个时期和“大氧化事件”真好吻合。海洋中镍的缺乏可能致使产烷生物的消亡,因此海藻以及其它形式的生物就可以利用光合作用释放出氧气。
研究者们还不能确切知道镍的含量为什么会下降---这可能是由于地幔的冷却以及固化所致。但是对于如何解释我们的地球从一个令人窒息的环境转变为一个让陆地四足动物可以自由呼吸的地方,镍的消失又提供了一个线索。
Vocabulary:
Oxidation: 氧化
Unpleasant: 令人不适的
Deadly: 致命地
Organism: 有机体;生物
Billion:十亿
Clue: 线索;提示
Element: 化学元素
Sedimentary:沉积的
Abundant:大量的;丰富的
Primordial:原始的;早期的
Micro-organism:微生物
Methanogen:产烷生物
Nickel:镍(一种化学元素,符号为Ni)
Dissolve:溶解
Algae: 海藻
Release: 释放
Photosynthesis:光合作用
Solidify:固化
Mantle:地幔;斗篷
Suffocate: 窒息
Terrestrial: 陆地的;地球上的
Tetrapod: 四足类动物