acquire 习得
active L vocabulary 积极外语词汇
bilingual 双语的
classification 分类
communicative ability 交际能力
communicative function 交际功能
a communication-oriented activity 以交际为中心的活动
comparison and contrast 比较和对照
cross lingual technique 跨语言（教学）法
equivalent expression 相对应的表达
FLT(foreign language teaching) 外语教学
free interpretation 自由口译
functional equivalent 功能对应的表达
grammar formula 语法公式
initial 首字母缩写词
L proficiency 外语水平
language proficiency 语言水平
plural noun 复数名词
privacy 隐私
reference system 参照系统
similarities and differences 异同点
style 风格
taboo 禁忌
target culture 目标语文化
teaching/learning technique 教/学方法
third person singular 单数第三人称
word list 单词表
Conversion drill 转换练习
Decode 解码
Demonstration：示范
Encode 编码
Information gap 信息沟
Inhibition 约束，抑制
Interaction 交互作用，互动
Mechanical drills 机械操练
Motivation 动力
Nonverbal 非言语的
Pantomime 哑剧，用手势表达
Participation 参与
Receptive 接受性的
Scenario 剧本
Stimulate 激发
Stimulus 刺激，促进因素
Substitution drills 替换练习
Target language 目标语，指要学习的语言
Unpredictability 不可预见性
Cluster Sampling 整群抽样
Cohort Design 类似群体设计
Control Variable 控制变量
Criterion Group Design 标准组设计
Dependent Variable 依变量
Expectancy Effect 期望效应
Experimental Mortality 实验死亡率
External Change 外部变化
External Validity 外部效度
History 历史
Independent Variable 自变量
Instability 不稳定性
Instrumentation 手段
Interaction of Several Factors 因素的交互组合
Internal Change 内部变化
Internal Validity 内部效度
Interrupted Time Series Design 间断时间次序设计
Maturation 成熟
Moderator Variable 调节变量
Non-Designs 前实验设计
Nonequivalent Dependent Variables Design 非等值依变量设计
Observational Techniques 观察技巧
one-group posttest-only design 一组实验后测试设计
one-group pretest-posttest design 一组实验前后测试设计
Operational Definition 操作定义
Outcome Variable 结果变量
posttest-only control group design 只有实验后测试的控制组设计
Prestest-posttest control group design 实验前后测试的控制组设计
Pretesting 前测试
Quasi-Experimental Designs 准实验设计
Questionnaire 问卷调查
Quota Sampling 定额抽样
Random Sampling 随机抽样
Repeated Treatment Design 反复处理设计
Research Hypothesis 研究假设
Selection 选择
Statistical Regression 统计回归
Systematic Sampling 系统抽样
True Experiment 真正的实验
Untreated Control Group Design with Pretest and Posttest
language learning objective 语言学习目标
curriculum 课程目标
action and interaction 作用和相互作用
examination prescription 考试指南
philisophy of teaching 教学观念
practicality 实用性
pragmaticality 实效性
motivational drive 动力驱动
reality 现实性
learning strategy 学习策略
terminal objective 结果目标
enabling objective 过程目标
evaluation 评价
formative assessment 形成性测试
assignment 作业布置
language acquisition 语言习得
individual difference 个体差异
auditory 听觉
scientificity 科学性
variety多样性
flexibility 灵活性
creativity 创造性
learner-centered 学生中心
awareness of syllabus 大纲意识
contextualized setting 语境
affirmative answer 肯定回答
allocation of roles 角色分配
assessment 评估
assessor 评估者
bilabial 双唇音
brainstorm 集思广益/大脑风暴
Chinese Pinyin 汉语拼音
closed pairs 练习式结对活动
designing 设计
communicative ability 交际能力
communicative function 交际功能
content feedback 内容反馈
consonant clusters 辅音连缀
compulsory course 必修课
classroom teaching 课堂教学
demonstration 示范，演示
demonstrator 示范者，演示者
diphthong 双元音
elicitation 诱导，引出
evaluation 评价
exponents 范例
feedback 反馈
form feedback 形式反馈
falling tone 降调
fluency practice 流利度训练
group work 小组活动
information gap 信息沟
instructor 指导者
intensive reading 精读
interactional language 交际性语言
intonation 语调
indoor activities 室内活动
jazz chants 爵士乐
jigsaw games 拼图游戏
language units 语言单位
language input 语言输入
language proficiency 语言熟练度
manners of articulation 发音方法
mime 模拟, 模仿
monitor 监督者，监督者
nasals 鼻音
noughts and crosses 拼字游戏
open pairs 演示性接对活动
organizer 组织者
outdoor activities 室外活动
pair work 结对活动
participation 参与
places of articulation 发音部位
practice stage 实践阶段
procedure 步骤
prompts 提示性语言
pronunciation practice 语音练习
quiz 知识小测验
remedial measures 补救性措施
rhyme 韵律
rhythm 节奏
rising tone 声调
received pronunciation 标准语音
role plays 角色扮演
safety coefficient 安全系数
scan 略读
skim 快读
supplementary form 补充形式
supervisor 督促者
stress 重音
structure practice 结构练习
teaching syllabus for full-time secondary schools 全日制中学教学大纲
tongue twisters 绕口念
vocal organs 发音器官
vocabulary practice 词汇练习
alphabet chart 字母表
authentic printed material 原文材料
flip chart 浏览图表
grammar chart 语法图表
JEFC 初中英语
model 模型
object visual 实物教具
phonetic chart 语音图表
picture flash card 图画卡片
questionnaire 问卷
sentence building card 组句卡
sentence building grid 组句表格
speech organ 发音器官
syllable wheel 音节风车
teaching aids 教具
visuals 可视教具
wall picture 墙画
wall poster 墙贴
word building card 组词卡
word flash card 单词卡片
word map 联想图表
word slide 单词滑梯
work card 练习卡
work sheet 分发材料
blackboard arrangement 黑板布局
board writing 板书
dynamic person 动态人物画
full cursive 草体
inanimate object 静物
main board writing 主板书
minor board writing 副板书
printing style 印刷体
simple blackboard drawing 黑板简笔画
simple cursive 简单草体；行体
simple picture 简笔画
static image 静物画
stick figure 简笔人物画
writing style 书体，字体
web 网状图形
active listening积极聆听
agenda议程
attention span注意力
automatic reaction机械反应
classroom interaction课堂互动
classroom routine课堂常规
communicating style传播风格
communication model交际模式
consultant咨询者
cyclical (sequence)循环次序
facilitator协助者
follow-up跟踪练习
group work activities小组活动
half dialogue补全对话
information gap信息沟
instructor指导者
linear sequence线性次序
loss of control（课堂）失控
motivation动机
questioner提问者
remedial teaching纠错教学
rhetorical devices修辞手法
pair work activities结对活动
personalizing个体化
prompts提示
repetition dialogue重复对话
substitution dialogue替换
sequencing次序安排
supervising监督，管理
the need to communicate交际需求
transmission model传授模式
whole class work activities全班活动
allophonic : 音位变体的，语音变体的。
articulation: 发音动作，发音。
consonant clusters 辅音
content words 实词
contraction: 缩略形式。
discrimination: 辨别。
form words 虚词
homophones: 同音异形词
inflection: 变音；转调；语音的抑扬变化。
jingle: 叠韵的诗句。
lateral consonant 边辅音
linking of souds 音的连读
mimicry 模仿
minimal pair: 最小对立体。
nasals 鼻音
ongoing 持续的
oral cavity 口腔
phoneme：音位（语音的最小单位）；音素。
prosodic feature: 韵律特征。
remedial teaching (此处为)纠音教学法
rhythm: 节奏。
segment: 单位；切分成分。
segmental phoneme：切分音位。
sight words: 同形异音词
soft palate 软腭
super segmental phoneme: 超切分音位
utterance: 发声，表达，话语（指两个停顿或可能的停顿之间的一串言语，通常在话语的末尾用上升或下降的终端连音表示）。
vibration 振动 共鸣
willy-nilly:不管愿不愿意。
anticipate 预测
brainstorm 集思广益
chunk 片语
coherent unity 前后一致的整体
command 命令句
competence 能力
compile 收集
comprehensive recognition 理解性认知
conjunction 连接词
context 语境，上下文
coordinator 协调连词
Creative writing 创造写作
cursive 手写体
diagram 图表，图集，文图
diction 语言风格
exclamation 感叹句
feedback 反馈
framework 框架
gap filling 填空
genre 风格，体裁
highlight 标明
incorporate 包括，纳入
information explosion 信息爆炸
interaction 交流，合作
interior relation 内在的联系
Jigsaw writing 割画写作
linker 连接词
Matching words 词组填空
morphology 形态
muddled 乱序的
OHP overhead projector 投影仪
Pattern drills 句型练习
Picture writing 看图写话
pie chart 饼型图表
proofread 审读
punctuation 标点
readership 读者
Rearranging scrambled sentences 乱句重组
reference注解
resulting text 完成稿
revise 校订
rhetorical purposes 修辞目的
semantic 语义的
Sentence chains 句子连接
sentence combining 句子组合
sentence completion 完成句子
Sentence judging and making 判断句子和造句
Sentence linking 连句成段
sequencer 顺序词
statement 陈述句
structurally complete 结构完整
substantial guidance 大量的指导
syntax 句法
transcend 超越
transformation 转换
transition 过渡连接
treasure hunt 寻宝
comprehensible input 有意义输入
cue 提示词
chain drill 链式操练
deductive method 演绎法
function 功能
inductive method 归纳法
morpheme 词素
multi- slot substitution 多成分替换
morphology 词法
syntax 句法
the Grammar Translation Method 语法翻译法
transformation drill 转换练习
single-slot substitution 单一成分替换
backgroud knowledge 背景知识
bottom-up processing 自下而上认识法
communicative competence交际能力
decode解码
encode编码
information input/output信息输入/输出
interactional purpose 互动目的
lead-in导入
linguistic competence语言能力
phatic寒暄
top-down processing自上而下认识法
transactional purpose 信息传递目的
code 语码
a system of words, letters, numbers, etc.
decode 解码
to discover the meaning of a code
encoding 编码
putting … into a code
decoding 解码
discovering the meaning of a code
Skimming 掠读
Skimming means reading quickly to get the gist, i.ethe main idea of the text
It is the method in which the reader reads only the first sentence of each paragraph of a whole passage and then recalls everything and identifies the most important pointsAfter that he/she sets a goal for the assignment and plans how to do intensive reading of the entire document at a slower pace
Scanning 略读
Scanning means to read and locate specific information such as figures, schedules, tables, news heading, etcThe key point in scanning is that students have something in their mind and they should ignore the irrelevant parts when reading
Top-down approach 自上而下模式
It is a model of teaching reading in which the teacher teaches the background knowledge first so that students equipped with such knowledge will be able to guess meaning from the printed page.
Bottom-up approach 自下而上模式
It is a reading model that follows a linear process from the recognition of letters, to words, to phrases, to sentences, to paragraphs, and then to the meaning of the whole text
Distinguishing 辩识
finding the main idea from supporting details
Predicting 预测
guessing what is coming next
SQR Strategy SQR阅读策略
SQR is a five-step procedure made up of Surveying, Questioning, Reading, Reciting, and Reviewing, which can be used for reading a variety of reading materials, including textbooks and journal articles, as long as the structure or organization of the material is not too complex.
The first step is to survey the material for content and organization to create a mental map of the text and selective reading;
The second step is to predict questions that may be answered by the material on the basis of the survey to serve as an individualized knowledge framework or template of the passage to which details may be added later;
The third step is to read the assignment one section at a time for content, search for relationships among the main ideas and their supporting details, look for information that answers the predicted questions, and take note of unexpected ideas;
The fourth step is to recite to actively make mental connections among main ideas and details;
Finally, review the entire chapter or article to see how the information fits together.
PQR Strategy PQR阅读策略
PQR Strategy is a six-step process that involves previewing, questioning, reading, reflecting, reciting, and reviewing
The first stage is to preview the material for content and organization to create a mental map of the text and selective reading;
The second step is to predict questions that may be answered by the material;
The third stage is to carefully read the complete text, unlike SQR to read section by section, recording notes in the margin or underlining important information that answers the predicted questionsIn this stage, reflection phase, information from the entire chapter or article is linked togetherThe reader should attempt to develop insight into the topic and make associations among the important material noted while reading
The fourth stage, recitation, involves summarizing the main points and supporting details of the complete text
In the final stage, review, make sure the predicted questions have been answered and that the author´s purpose is fully understood
RAP Strategy RAP阅读策略
The RAP strategy is a three-step approach involves reading, asking questions, and paraphrasing, which targets the reader´s ability to understand main ideas and supporting details by emphasizing paraphrasing skills
Read one paragraph of the text at a time;
Ask oneself what the main idea of the paragraph is, then;
Paraphrase the identified details supporting the main idea finally and record them.
REAP Strategy REAP阅读策略
The REAP Strategy is a four-step strategy that involves reading, encoding, annotating, and pondering, armed with ten varieties of annotations, each focusing on different aspects of a text, that help to improve student writing skills, meta-cognitive awareness, and comprehension of main ideas
The first step of the strategy is to read the text.
After reading the text, the information is paraphrased (encoded) by the student into his/her own words in the second step
Annotation of a text that explains and/or critique the text is made in the third stepDifferent aspects of the text are handled differently when writing annotationsAll together there´re ten annotations, namely, Summary Annotation; Thesis Annotation; Question Annotation; Critical Annotation; Heuristic Annotation; Intention Annotation; Motivation Annotation; Probe Annotation; Personal View Annotation; Inventive Annotation.
In the fourth step the student evaluates (ponder) the annotation for accuracy and completenessThe teacher should consider how the text relates to other readings, to course objectives, and to classroom activities.
SNIPS Strategy SNIPS阅读策略
The SNIPS Strategy is a five-step reading approach for facilitating on-line processing through interpretation of visual aidsThe steps are: to Start with questions, to Note what can be learned from hints, to Identify what is important, to Plug the important matters into the chapter, and See if you can explain the visual to someone
The first step is to start with questions like "Why am I looking at this visual aid?" The reader then asks questions to determine what kinds of information on which to focus, depending on the type of visual aid presented
In the second step, note what can be learned from hints, look for hints or clues about the meaning of the visual aid in the title, caption, lines, numbers, or colorsAnd activate prior knowledge as it relates to the subject
Identify the main idea of the graphic in the third step.
Plug the important matter into the chapter in the fourth stepConsider how the visual aid relates to the main ideas of the chapter or article
In the last step, see if you can explain the visual to another person or just explain it aloud to yourself if no one is available.
PRSR Strategy PRSR阅读策略
PRSR stands for preview, read, self-test, and reviewText organization, paraphrasing, and self-evaluation are stressed in PRSR strategy.
In previewing stage, read the title, introduction, the headings and subheadings to determine the main ideas covered in the textExamine the illustrations for additional informationLook at the words in italics or bold printRead the summary and then skim any review questions or discussion questions at the end of the chapter
In reading stage, form the headings into questions and then read with the goal of answering those questionsIdentify important points by underlining or taking notesClarify meanings further with visual imagery
In Self-testing step, monitor understanding by answering self-made questions as well as review and discussion questions at the end of the chapter without referring to the textUse summaries to organize important informationTry explaining key ideas and concepts to another person
For reviewing check answers to review questions against the textReconsider information that was forgotten or misunderstoodRepeat the self-test and review stages until the material is masteredThen review periodically to keep the information in long-term memory
PROR Strategy PROR阅读策略
The PROR Strategy involves pre-reading, reading, organizing and reviewing
In pre-reading stage, use the title, headings, introduction, and summary to form questions to guide readingRecall prior knowledge related to the subject to form more questions
In the second stage, read with the goal of answering the questionsAnnotate key concepts, supporting details, and examplesConsider how illustrations relate to the text
In organizing stage, develop rehearsal strategies to organize the important information and commit it to memoryAnswer the questions aloudCompare the text to lecture material
Last, reduce the information to the bare essentialsTarget the information that was unclearTalk through the material to yourself or another student
PARTS Strategy PARTS阅读策略
The PARTS strategy is a five-step procedure that guides students in carefully reading an assignment in order to enhance learningThe five steps are: to perform goal setting, to analyze little parts, to review big parts, to think of questions you hope will be answered, and last, to state relationships
For the perform goal setting stage, consider the reason you are analyzing the text parts.
In analyzing little parts stage, divide the text into parts, such as title, headings, visuals, and wordsAnalyze one part at a timeExplain the information included in each partThen, based on one part, predict what the next part will discussAfter reading all parts, tie them together.
During the review big parts stage, review the introduction and summary of the textSearch for signal words, such as "the most important" or "the purpose is," that indicates the main ideasDecide what the author´s main goal or purpose isRelate the new information to knowledge you have already read about the subjectParaphrase the main ideas into your own words
In the think of questions you hope will be answered stage, identify your own questions based on titles and headings, previous knowledge, and predictionsCheck the questions at the end of the text
For the last stage, state relationships, consider how the text relates to other texts in the unitConsider how the text relates to the course objectives indicated on the syllabusConsider how the text relates to what you already know about the subject
DISSECT Strategy DISSECT阅读策略
DISSECT stands for discover the word´s context, isolate the prefix, separate the suffix, say the stem or root word, examine the stem or root word, check with someone, and try the dictionaryIt is a word identification strategy
It emphasizes the systematic analysis of a word using context and word element clues
CSSD Strategy CSSD阅读策略
The CSSD strategy is a four-step procedure combining a number of approaches for learning vocabulary words and meaningsSCCD stands for context, structure, sound and dictionary
The first step is to consider the context of the word
The second step is to Break the word into smaller parts and look for familiar prefixes, root words, and suffixes
The third step is to analyze the word phonetically by breaking it into units of sound.
If these methods do not work, consult the dictionary in the last step
VOCAB game 词汇游戏
The vocab game is for students to determine the meanings of out-of-context words through an understanding of morphemes, word parts, and etymology (word origins).
The steps of the vocab game are: to divide the class into groups, to discuss and select vocabulary words, to select a scorekeeper and recorder, to present the words, to define the words, to analyze the words, to check the definitions, to record points, to do group discussion, to record the word lists, and to evaluate the students.
The Patterned Language Approach 模式语言策略
The patterned language approach is to practice word identification skills with an emphasis on word meaning
It follows these steps: to select the reading material, to read the selected material, to make and match text strips, and to write word cards.
The Creative Mapping Strategy 图式阅读策略
The creative mapping strategy is to use pictorial images to help students recognize the organization of information in content readings and reorganize the main ideas and details of the text
guided reading 指导性阅读
Guided reading refers to timed reading conducted in class under the control and guidance of the teacher
pre-reading activities 阅读前活动
We mean tasks/activities that students do before they read the text in detail.
a transition device 转换方式
A transition device is the way to transfer information from one form to another
referential words 指示词
Referential words are words such as pronouns to refer to people or things already mentioned previously in the context
making inferences 推理
Making inferences means "reading between the lines" It requires the reader to use background knowledge in order to infer the implied meaning of the author.
Role-play 角色表演
Role-play is a very common language learning activity where students play different roles and interact from the point of view of the roles they play.
subvocalization 默念
Subvocalization means a more subtle type of saying the words, also called thinking each word without actually moving the lips or tongue.